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Biocatalysts
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Biocatalysts are natural catalysts, such as-enzymes or microbial cells,
used to perform chemical transformations on organic compounds.
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Enzymes
are biocatalyst, and by their mere presence, and without being consumed
in the process, enzymes can speed up chemical processes that would
otherwise run very slowly. After the reaction is complete, the enzyme is
released again, ready to start another reaction.
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The
biocatalysts, called extremozymes, produced by microorganisms are
proteins that function under extreme conditions.
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The
biocatalyst in a biofuel cell may simply promote the production of
simple fuels, such as hydrogen or methane, from more complicated
biochemical substrates, such as sugars.
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These are
combination of enzymes, mineral nutrients, biosufactants and fatty acids
which enhance both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of organics.
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Biocatalyst engineering is the most time consuming step, often involving
two major approaches: rational design and directed evolution.
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Biocatalysts can constitute a significant portion of the operating
budget, however their cost can be reduced by reusing them when
immobilized.
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Biocatalysis can be broadly defined as the use of biological molecules
(usually enzymes) to catalyse specific chemical reactions. Enzymes are
complex protein molecules. They are produced by living organisms to
catalyse the biochemical reactions required for life.
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They can
be used as biocatalysts to catalyze chemical reactions on an industrial
scale in a sustainable manner. Their application covers the production
of desiredproducts for all human material needs (e.g., food, animal
feed, pharmaceuticals, fine and bulk chemicals, fibers, hygiene, and
environmental technology), as well as in a wide range of analytical
purposes, especially in diagnostics.
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Biocatalysts in bead form which contain microorganisms are particularly
advantageously obtained by radical polymerization of acrylamide with
methylene-bis-acrylamide in aqueous organic phase suspension when the
organic phase is a highly fluorinated carbon compound. The biocatalysts
thus obtained have high stability and activity and are suitable for
biotechnical processes.
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Biocatalyst capable of catalyzing a chemical conversion reaction from a
substrate to a product .
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The
requirements for a useful biocatalyst are selectivity, volume
efficiency, security of supply and technology integration.
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The
advantages of biocatalysts are efficient catalysts, environmentally
acceptable, compatible, not bound to their natural role, catalyze a
broad spectrum of reactions.
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