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Holmium
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Holmium was
discovered by Delafontaine and Soret in 1878 AD. It is a soft
silvery metallic element, which is found in the lanthanide series of
inner transition metals in Group III a of the periodic table.
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Holmium occurs
with the rare earths in their ores. It is separated from other rare
earths by ion exchange chromatography. It is prepared by reducing
the anhydrous chloride with calcium .which is stable in air. It has
unusual magnetic properties. It is used in the filters used for the
calibration of the wavelength settings in UV spectrophotometers.
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It is usually
commercially extracted from monazite using ion exchange techniques.
Its compounds in nature, and in nearly all of its laboratory
chemistry, are trivalently oxidized, containing Ho(III) ions.
Trivalent holmium ions have fluorescent properties similar to many
other rare earth ions (while yielding their own set of unique
emission light lines), and holmium ions are thus used in the same
way as some other rare earths in certain laser and glass colorant
applications.
Holmium has the highest magnetic strength of any element and
therefore is used for the pole pieces of the strongest static
magnets. Because holmium strongly absorbs neutrons, it is also used
in nuclear control rods.
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Holmium has the
highest magnetic moment (10.6 µB) of any naturally occurring element
and possesses other unusual magnetic properties. When combined with
yttrium, it forms highly magnetic compounds.
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Holmium is not
naturally found as a free element. It does occur combined with other
elements in gadolinite, monazite, and other rare-earth minerals. The
main mining areas are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri
Lanka, and Australia with reserves of holmium estimated as
400,000 tonnes.
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Holmium is one of
the colorants used for cubic zirconia and glass, providing yellow or
red coloring. Glass containing holmium oxide and
holmium oxide solutions have sharp optical absorption peaks in the
spectral range 200–900 nm. therefore used as a calibration standard
for optical spectrophotometers.
The radioactive but long-lived Ho-166m1 is used in calibration of
gamma ray spectrometers
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