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Permethrin
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General
- Permethrin is a
common synthetic chemical, widely used as an insecticide, acaricide, and
insect repellent. It belongs to the family of synthetic chemicals called
pyrethroids and functions as a neurotoxin, affecting neuron membranes by
prolonging sodium channel activation.
- Permethrin was first
registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.
EPA) in 1979, and was re-registered in 2006.
- Permethrin was
invented in 1973 and marketed in 1977 as a photo-stable pyrethroid. It
is a mixture of four stereo-isomers.
- Permethrin is the
common name for 3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis,
trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2 dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate. It is
a mixture of four stereoisomers of the (1R, trans), (1R, cis), (1S,
trans) and (1S, cis) configurations.
- Technical grade
permethrin is more than 91-93% pure. It is formulated as emulsifiable
concentrates, ultra-low volume concentrates, wettable powders, dust,
fogging formulations, and aerosols.
Uses
- Permethrin is
registered for use on/in numerous food/feed crops, livestock
andlivestock housing, modes of transportation, structures, buildings
(including food handling establishments), Public Health Mosquito
abatement programs, and numerous residential use sites including use
in outdoor and indoor spaces, pets, and clothing.
- Permethrin is a
useful synthetic insecticide that has proven effective in a number
of environmental and clinical settings. It appears to be more
effective than DEET in protecting individuals from tick bites.
- Permethrin used
in veterinary medicinal products is in the form of sprays (including
udder sprays), powders, pour-ons or ear-tags for external
application to cattle, horses, donkeys, pigs, sheep, goats, and
poultry, for the control of ectoparasites.
- In addition to
the pesticidal uses, there is also a non-FIFRA pharmaceutical use of
permethrin as a pediculicide for the treatment of head lice and
scabies.
- Permethrin can
also be used by Public Health Officials and trained personnel in
certain districts for mosquito abatement and other mosquito control
programs.
- Permethrin is a
widely used insecticide in the United States. Permethrin is used in
agricultural, commercial, and residential settings.
Report
- In the U.S.,
al-most 70 percent of the permethrin used in agriculture is used
on corn, wheat, and alfalfa.2 Over 100 million applications of
permethrin are made each year in U.S. homes, and over 18 million
applications are made in yards and gardens.
- In 1990, the
U.S. military adopted permethrin as the standard
clothing-application repellent, to be used as an adjunct to
topical repellents.
- If permethrin
gets into the soil, it is broken down by microorganisms.
Sunlight may also break down permethrin on the soil surface and
on the surface of water.Permethrin does not mix well with water.
When permethrin gets into surface water like lakes or streams,
it sticks very strongly to sediment and can stay there for more
than a year.
- If permethrin
is applied to plants, it may stay on the leaves for between 1
and 3 weeks. Scientists applied permethrin to soil and then
planted sugar beets, wheat, lettuce and cotton in the soil.
Scientists found trace amounts of the permethrin residue in the
edible parts of the plants at 30 and 120 days after planting.
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