- Nalidixic acid is the
basis for quinolone antibiotics.
- Nalidixic acid occurs
as white to light yellow crystals or crystalline powder and it is
odorless.
- Nalidixic acid is
sparingly soluble in chloroform and in N,N-dimethyl formamide, very
slightly soluble in ethanol and in diethyl ether and practically
insoluble in water.
- Nalidixic acid, which
was introduced into clinical use in 1967, was the first member of the
quinolone group of antimicrobials. It is a specific inhibitor of
bacterial DNA gyrase.
- Nalidixic acid is
bactericidal against Enterobacteriaceae, including many strains of
Shigella spp.
- Nalidixic acid has been
used to interrupt DNA synthesis in exponentially growing cultures of E.
coli.
- The antibiotic,
nalidixic acid (NAL), is a relatively specific inhibitor of DNA
synthesis in Bacillus subtilis, leading to "unbalanced growth" in which
cells continue to elongate and to synthesize RNA and protein.
- The kinetics of loss of
the chloroplast-associated DNA and the sensitivity of chloroplast
replication to ultraviolet light was followed during treatment with
nalidixic acid.
- Nalidixic acid is
effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In
lower concentrations, it acts in a bacteriostatic manner; that is, it
inhibits growth and reproduction. In higher concentrations, it is
bactericidal, meaning that it kills bacteria instead of merely
inhibiting their growth.
- Nalidixic acid rapidly
and specifically inhibits DNA synthesis in E. coli. Upon removal of the
acid, DNA synthesis resumes rapidly and proceeds at a higher-than-normal
rate.
- Nalidixic and oxolinic
acids inhibit DNA gyrase activity and induce formation of a relaxation
complex analogue.
- Nalidixic acid is
especially used in treating urinary tract infections, caused, for
example, by Escherichia coli, Proteus, Shigella, Enterobacter, and
Klebsiella.
- Nalidixic acid is also
a tool in studies as a regulation of bacterial division and it is
selectively and reversibly blocks DNA replication in susceptible
bacteria.
- Nalidixic acid and
related antibiotics inhibit a subunit of DNA gyrase and induce formation
of relaxation complex analogue.
- The effect of nalidixic
acid on pulse-labeled protein patterns was analyzed by sodium dodecyl
sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis.
- Nalidixic acid also
inhibits the nicking dosing activity on the subunit of DNA gyrase that
release the positive binding stress on on the supercoiled DNA.
- Nalidixic acid an
antibacterial drug with a narrow spectrum is used mainly for urinary and
intestinal infections.
- Nalidixic acid
resistance has been used as a selective marker for studies of
pathogen-inoculated
fruits and vegetables.
- In past years, the use
of the nalidixic acid screening test was recommended by the Clinical and
Laboratory Standards Institute for the detection of invasive Salmonella
isolates.
- Nalidixic acid was
the earliest introduced in India about two decades back followed by
Norfloxacin in 1988 and later Ciprofloxacin was introduced for clinical
use.
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