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General
- A chlorophenol is any
organochloride of phenol that contains one or more covalently bonded
chlorine atoms.
- Chlorophenols are
typically crystalline, with solubility in ethers, alcohol, petroleum
solvents, and slight to no solubility in water.
- Many chlorophenols
have a characteristic phenolic odor.
Process
- Chlorophenols are
produced by electrophilic halogenation of phenol with chlorine. The
temporal decomposition behavior of monochlorophenols in aqueous
solutions by sonolysis was markedly influenced by the species
distribution and the volatility of specific monochlorophenol.
- The optimum
conditions for m-chlorophenol degradation by Pseudomonas putida CP1,
some physicochemical conditions like pH, temperature and carbon nitrogen
ratio for the growth and degradation of most persistent monochlorophenol,
m-chlorophenol by the organism was optimised.
Application
- The monochlorophenols
are used as synthetic intermediates for dyes and chlorinated phenols.
- Chlorophenols are
used in leather tanning and finishing.
- m-Chlorophenol is
reported to be formed during chlorination of sewage and p-chlorophenol
is used as a denaturant for alcohol, as an antiseptic, and as a
selective solvent for refining mineral.
- Chlorophenols are
used in the manufacturing of pesticides and herbicides and are added to
many formulations to prevent microbial growth.
Technology
- The effects of UV
irradiation, both in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide, as
well as of gamma irradiation on 2- and 4-chlorophenol in a solid water
ice matrix have been studied and compared to those effects known to
occur in aqueous solutions.
- Sulfate consumption
by the cultures corresponded to the stoichiometric values expected for
complete oxidation of the chlorophenol to CO2.
- Formation of sulfide
from sulfate was confirmed with a radiotracer technique.
- Elecochemical
technique used for the remediation of chlorophenols and nitroaromatics.
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