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Carbohydrate Polymers
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- Carbohydrates are
polymers of monosaccharides (a.k.a sacchraides). These polymers are
called polysaccharides. A polymer is basically a large molecule that
can be hydrolyzed into a generic repeating unit
- Carbohydrate polymers
are widely used in various industrial applications in foods,
pharmaceuticals, textiles, paper, and environmental technology
- Carbohydrates have the
general formula CnH2nO
- Three major
carbohydrate polymers are readily obtained from biomass and are
commercially available. These polysaccharides are cellulose, starch,
and gums.
- Carbohydrates have six
major functions within the body:
Providing energy and regulation of blood glucose,
Sparing the use of proteins for energy, Breakdown of fatty acids and
preventing ketosis, Biological recognition processes, Flavor and
Sweeteners, Dietary fiber
- Importance of
Carbohydrates:
Very effective energy yield:
Contains carbon,has a reactive bond carbonyl carbon and is a polar
area, does not have 4 bonds to oxygen
Effective building material:
Strong not brittle will bend and not break
H2O soluble: Easily transported thru the blood stream, easily
passes thru cell walls
- β Glucose chains, like
the one above, are called Cellulose molecules, and can contain 10000
glucose units. They are stronger than Amylose and are only found in
plants.Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide found in nature
- Cellulose fibres are
arranged in a very specific way and can be described as being like a
fractal. Long Cellulose chains bunch together, held by Hydrogen
bonds, to form Microfibrils. These
Microfibrils are
bunched with other Microfibrils, held by more Hydrogen bonds, to
form Macrofibrils.
- Macrofibrils have a
very high mechanical strength, similar to that of steel. In plant
cell walls, they criss-cross over each, forming a cross-hatched
structure, held by Hydrogen bonds, which is very strong. This also
allows water to move though and along the cell wall.
- Microfibrils can have
special roles. For example, in Guard Cell Walls, the arrangement of
microfibrils allows the Stomata to open and close. Cell walls can
also be reinforced with other substances, or made
waterproof.
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