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General
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An
Insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current. It is
an object intended to support or separate electrical conductors without
passing current through itself.
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High-voltage insulators used for high-voltage power transmission are
made from glass, porcelain, or composite polymer materials.
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Porcelain insulators possesses all the major characteristics of
technical ceramics, e.g. insulating capabilities, dimensional stability,
hardness, thermal resistance and resistance to corrosion.
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A pin
insulator consists of a nonconducting material such as porcelain, glass,
plastic, polymer, or wood that is formed into a shape that will isolate
a wire from a physical support (or "pin") on a telegragh, utility pole
or other structure, provide a means to hold the insulator to the pin,
and provide a means to secure the conductor to the insulator.
Process
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Porcelain insulators are made from clay, quartz or alumina and feldspar,
and are covered with a smooth glaze to shed dirt.
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The
design of insulators often includes deep grooves, or sheds, that
provides increased arc-lengths. Insulators made from porcelain rich in
alumina are used where high mechanical strength is a criterion.
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Several companies had started making insulators from "dry press"
porcelain, so-called because the almost dry porcelain in granular form
was pressed (dry) into 2 or 3 piece steel molds. These insulators tended
to be porous and they were practical only for lower voltages and in
drier conditions.
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Some
typical examples of dry process insulators include U-701, U-744, U-928B,
and U-935A, as well as a multitude of smaller signal styles made for low
voltage use.
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In
Glaze welding process an insulator was produced in 2 or 3 "shells", or
pieces. These pieces were glazed and then stuck together and fired. The
glaze would "weld" the pieces together, producing one insulator.
Applications
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Porcelain insulators are widely used in electrical applications such as
power transmission and distribution. Primarily, the function of these
insulators is to insulate the distribution lines carrying electricity.
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Further, in applications of railway traction lines, they are also
subjected to adverse environmental conditions and mechanical vibrations.
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