General
- If you look up
detergent in a dictionary it is simply defined as cleaning agent. During
the last two to three decades, however, the word detergent has tended to
imply synthetic detergent, or syndet for short, rather than the older
soap. In fact, commercial formulations consist of a number of
components, and we shall use the term surface-active agent, or it's
abbreviation surfactant, to describe the special active ingredients that
give detergents their unusual properties.
- Synthetic detergents
dissolve or tend to dissolve in water or other solvents. To enable them
to do this, they require distinct chemical characteristics. Hydrophilic
(water loving) groupings in their molecular structure, and hydrophobic
(water hating) groupings, help the detergent in it’s “detergency”
action.
Manufacturing Process
- Liquid non-soap
detergents are produced by mixing the ingredients together in liquid
form, with a hydrotrope to ensure that they do not separate.
Concentrated detergents use less chemicals and packaging per wash
than conventional detergents. They also save energy in production,
distribution and use, and reduce the amount of waste passing into
the environment. The creation of such detergents has been a complex
process, requiring the development of weight-efficient and sometimes
multifunctional ingredients to replace more traditional ones. They
are generally manufactured using the new energy-saving manufacturing
process.
- The manufacture
of spray-dried detergent has 3 main processing steps: (1) slurry
preparation, (2) spray drying, and (3) granule handling. The 3 major
components of detergent are surfactants (to remove dirt and other
unwanted materials), builders (to treat the water to improve
surfactant performance), and additives to improve cleaning
performance. Additives may include bleaches, bleach activators,
antistatic agents, fabric softeners, optical brighteners,
antiredeposition agents, and fillers.
Application
& Technology
- The application
of the synthetic detergents generally produced a marked inhibition
of the lowering of the pH in plaques, but in no case was the
inhibition complete. In comparable experiments Zephiran and Phemerol
gave a greater degree of inhibition than Damol and Tergitol-7. As a
rule, it was found that the eflect of the synthetic detergents on
the pH after 10 per cent glucose was much greater in the cases where
the plaques were relatively thin than when the plaques were
relatively thick.
- Application of
the synthetic detergents in a solution containing an auxiliary
substance, such as an alkaline buffer, did not significantly change
the inhibitory effect produced by the detergent, although some of
the auxiliary agents did raise the pH levels of both the control and
test pH curves.
- The
latest cleaning technologies include enzyme-containing detergent
formulations and zeolite-based detergents. Of these, the enzyme
detergents are proving extremely useful in keeping a check on
environmental pollution. They offer a suitable option to the
synthetic detergents with regard to their biodegradability, low
toxicity, non-corrosiveness, environment-friendliness, enhanced
cleaning properties as well as increased efficiency and stability in
different formulations.
Market
- The term
"synthetic detergent products" applies broadly to cleaning and
laundering compounds containing surface-active (surfactant)
compounds along with other ingredients. Heavy-duty powders and
liquids for home and commercial laundry detergent comprise 60 to 65
percent of the U. S. soap and detergent market and were estimated at
2.6 megagrams (Mg) (2.86 million tons)
- Detergent cakes
accounted for 40% of the synthetic detergent used, while powder
accounted for the rest. Washing powders were categorized into four
segments - economy (selling at less than Rs.25 per kg), mid-priced
(Rs.25 - Rs. 90 per kg), premium (Rs. 90 - Rs. 120 per kg) and
compact (selling at over Rs. 120 per kg). The compact, premium and
medium priced segments together accounted for 20% of the volume
share and 35% of the value share. The economy segment made up the
remaining lion's share of the market.
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